STORAGE OF EXPOSED AND PROCESSED FILM

Archival Keeping Many factors affect the storage life of radiographs. One of the most important factors is residual thiosulfate (from ...

TECHNIQUE EXPOSURE OF CONTROL FILM

Load the cassette with a sheet of control film. (If the control film has been refrigerated, be sure to allow enough time for the film t...

SPECIAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES

There are a number of special techniques useful in the processing of x-ray films. Some are applicable to both manual and automatic pro...

REMOVAL OF FIXING AGENTS

When, in manual processing, the capacity of the film washing tanks is insufficient, when time must be conserved, or when, as in field r...

REMOVAL OF ONE EMULSION FROM DOUBLE-COATED FILM

In some applications of x-rays, for example, x-ray diffraction or microradiography, it may be desirable to avoid the parallax associate...

STORAGE OF UNPROCESSED FILM

With x-rays generated up to 200 LV, it is feasible to use storage compartments lined with a sufficient thickness of lead to protect the...

VIEWING AND INTERPRETING RADIOGRAPHS

The examination of the finished radiograph should be made under conditions that favor the best visibility of detail combined with a max...

FILM GRAININESS, SCREEN MOTTLE

(See also "Film Graininess; Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Radiographs".)  The image on an x-ray film is formed by countless minute s...

USE OF MULTIPLE FILMS OF EXPOSURE CHART

If the chart shows that the thickness range is too great for a single exposure under any condition, it may be used to select two differ...

PREPARING AN EXPOSURE CHART

A simple method for preparing an exposure chart is to make a series of radiographs of a pile of plates consisting of a number of steps. T...

PINHOLE PROJECTION OF FOCAL SPOT

Since the dimensions of the radiation source have considerable effect on the sharpness of the shadows, it is frequently desirable to d...

APPLICATION TO RADIOGRAPHY

The application of the geometric principles of shadow formation to radiography leads to five general rules. Although these rules are stat...

GEOMETRIC PRINCIPLES

A radiography is a shadow picture of an object that has been placed in the path of an x-ray or gamma-ray beam, between the tube anode and...

APPLICATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF X-RAY APPARATUS

The various x-ray machines commercially available may be roughly classified according to their maximum voltage. The choice among the vari...

X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY SOURCES

Production of X-Rays X-rays are produced when electrons, traveling at high speed, collide with matter or change direction. In the usu...

The Radiographic Process

Nature of X-Rays X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), as is light. Their distinguishing feature is their extremely sh...

MASALAH LINGKUNGAN DAN UKURAN PLTU

Dalam Instalasi PLTU terdapat banyak peralatan, Faktor utama yang menentukan ukuran PLTU yang dapat dibangun adalah tersedianya bahan b...

PEMELIHARAAN DAN PENYIMPANAN BAHAN BAKAR PLTU

Bagian-bagian PLTU lain yang sering rawan kerusakan dan perlu perhatian/pengecekan periodik adalah : a. Bagian-bagian yang bergese...

MASALAH UTAMA & MOTOR LISTRIK YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM PLTU

Di dalam pusat listrik terdapat motor-motor listrik yang digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan sesuai kegiatan pusat listrik. Di dalam ...

PERMASALAHAN DALAM PENGOPERASIAN PLTU

Untuk menstart PLTU dari keadaan dingin sampai operasi dengan beban penuh, dibutuhkan waktu antara 6-8 jam. Jika PLTU yang telah beroperasi...